Object Oriented Programming
Structures
Example of structures Passing structures to function Passing structure pointers to function Pointers and an array of structure Relationship between union and structure Array of structure Nested structures Self-referential structures Linked ListClasses
Classes with inline functions Classes without using inline functions Example of constructor in classes Passing values to constructor in classes Overloading of constructors in classes Example of destructor in classes Example of static class data Example of static member functions Constant objects, constant member functions Strings as member of classes Use of arrays as data items in classes Example of array of objects in classes Use of pointer this using header file this.h Obj initialize, assign by default member wise copyInheritance - Containership
Example of Inheritance Over riding base class member fn in derived Diff in public, protected, private inheritance Multi-level inheritance Multiple inheritance Example of containershipVirtual Functions - Polymorphism
Example of Polymorphism Example of Pure Virtual functionsOperator Overloading - Type Casting
Increment operator ++ overloading w/o return type Increment operator ++ overloading - return type Decrement operator -- overloading w/o return type Decrement operator -- overloading - return type Operator overloading for strings Comparision operator < overloading Binary operator + overloading creating new object Binary operator + overloading w/o creating object Binary operator - overloading creating object Binary operator - overloading w/o creating object Binary operator * overloading w/o creating object Stream insertion >> , extraction << operators Data conversion b/w built-in data types Data conversion - built-in, user defined data type Conversion- built-in, user defined data type- char Data conversion user defined data type - function Conversion user defined data type - constructorFriend Functions and Classes
Use of friend functions Use of friend classes Operator overloading using friend function All Operator overloading using friend function Addition of 2 matrix using friend function Example of friend function of a classTemplate Functions and Classes
Interchange value using function template Example of template classes Template based array input Template to find minimum value in an array Template of vector classFile Processing - Command Line Arguments
Open file File operation program - diff type of mode Read from one text file, writing in new text file File read, write, update and display operations Read decimal from file - convert into hexadecimal Read words from file and remove palindrome Read device data from text file and show extension Example of binary filesGeneral Programs
Number of days b/w two given dates Capitalize first charcter of every word in string Copy n num of characters from one to another Word is palindrome or not using classes & pointers Simulation of the Solar System Add and Subtract functions on Big Number Class
# include <iostream.h>
# include <string.h>
# include <stdlib.h>
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
#define MAX_DIGITS 10
#define MAX_LENGTH (MAX_DIGITS+5)
//------------------------ Function Prototypes ------------------------//
class BigNumber
{
private:
char cSign;
char sValue[MAX_LENGTH];
int iLength;
public:
BigNumber( );
void read( );
void show( );
void plus(BigNumber);
void minus(BigNumber);
const char* add(char[MAX_LENGTH],char[MAX_LENGTH]);
const char* subtract(char[MAX_LENGTH],char[MAX_LENGTH]);
};
BigNumber::BigNumber( )
{
cSign=\' \';
strset(sValue,NULL);
iLength=0;
}
void BigNumber::read( )
{
char sTemp[MAX_LENGTH];
strset(sTemp,NULL);
strset(sValue,NULL);
gets(sTemp);
iLength=strlen(sTemp);
if (sTemp[0]==\'+\' || sTemp[0]==\'-\')
{
cSign=sTemp[0];
for(int i=1; i<iLength; i++)
sValue[(i-1)]=sTemp[i];
sValue[(i-1)]=NULL;
}
else
strcpy(sValue,sTemp);
iLength=strlen(sValue);
for(int j=0; j<iLength; j++)
{
if (sValue[j] < \'0\' || sValue[j] > \'9\')
{
cSign=\' \';
strcpy(sValue,\"0\");
iLength=1;
break;
}
}
}
void BigNumber::show( )
{
if (cSign != \' \')
cout<<cSign;
cout<<sValue;
}
void BigNumber::plus(BigNumber Temp)
{
if ((cSign==\'+\' || cSign==\' \') && (Temp.cSign==\'+\' || Temp.cSign==\' \'))
{
cSign=\' \';
strcpy(sValue,add(sValue,Temp.sValue));
}
else if (cSign==\'-\' && Temp.cSign==\'-\')
strcpy(sValue,add(sValue,Temp.sValue));
else
{
if (iLength>Temp.iLength)
strcpy(sValue,subtract(sValue,Temp.sValue));
else if (iLength<Temp.iLength)
{
cSign=Temp.cSign;
strcpy(sValue,subtract(Temp.sValue,sValue));
}
else
{
int iFlag=0;
for (int i=0; i<iLength; i++)
{
if (sValue[i]>Temp.sValue[i])
{
strcpy(sValue,subtract(sValue,Temp.sValue));
iFlag=1;
break;
}
else if (sValue[i]<Temp.sValue[i])
{
cSign=Temp.cSign;
strcpy(sValue,subtract(Temp.sValue,sValue));
iFlag=1;
break;
}
}
if (iFlag==0)
{
cSign=\' \';
strcpy(sValue,\"0\");
}
}
}
iLength=strlen(sValue);
}
void BigNumber::minus(BigNumber Temp)
{
if ((cSign==\'+\' || cSign==\' \') && (Temp.cSign==\'+\' || Temp.cSign==\' \'))
{
if (iLength>Temp.iLength)
strcpy(sValue,subtract(sValue,Temp.sValue));
else if (iLength<Temp.iLength)
{
cSign=\'-\';
strcpy(sValue,subtract(Temp.sValue,sValue));
}
else
{
int iFlag=0;
for (int i=0; i<iLength; i++)
{
if (sValue[i]>Temp.sValue[i])
{
strcpy(sValue,subtract(sValue,Temp.sValue));
iFlag=1;
break;
}
else if (sValue[i]<Temp.sValue[i])
{
cSign=\'-\';
strcpy(sValue,subtract(Temp.sValue,sValue));
iFlag=1;
break;
}
}
if (iFlag==0)
{
cSign=\' \';
strcpy(sValue,\"0\");
}
}
}
else if ((cSign==\'+\' || cSign==\' \') && Temp.cSign==\'-\')
{
if (iLength>Temp.iLength)
strcpy(sValue,add(sValue,Temp.sValue));
else if (iLength<Temp.iLength)
{
cSign=\'-\';
strcpy(sValue,add(sValue,Temp.sValue));
}
else
{
int iFlag=0;
for (int i=0; i<iLength; i++)
{
if (sValue[i]>Temp.sValue[i])
{
strcpy(sValue,add(sValue,Temp.sValue));
iFlag=1;
break;
}
else if (sValue[i]<Temp.sValue[i])
{
cSign=\'-\';
strcpy(sValue,add(sValue,Temp.sValue));
iFlag=1;
break;
}
}
if (iFlag==0)
{
cSign=\' \';
strcpy(sValue,add(sValue,Temp.sValue));
}
}
}
else if (cSign==\'-\' && (Temp.cSign==\'+\' || Temp.cSign==\' \'))
{
if (iLength>Temp.iLength)
strcpy(sValue,add(sValue,Temp.sValue));
else if (iLength<Temp.iLength)
{
cSign=Temp.cSign;
strcpy(sValue,add(sValue,Temp.sValue));
}
else
{
int iFlag=0;
for (int i=0; i<iLength; i++)
{
if (sValue[i]>Temp.sValue[i])
{
strcpy(sValue,add(sValue,Temp.sValue));
iFlag=1;
break;
}
else if (sValue[i]<Temp.sValue[i])
{
cSign=Temp.cSign;
strcpy(sValue,add(sValue,Temp.sValue));
iFlag=1;
break;
}
}
if (iFlag==0)
{
cSign=\' \';
strcpy(sValue,add(sValue,Temp.sValue));
}
}
}
iLength=strlen(sValue);
}
const char* BigNumber::add(char A[MAX_LENGTH],char B[MAX_LENGTH])
{
if (strlen(A) < strlen(B))
{
strrev(A);
while(strlen(A)<strlen(B))
strcat(A,\"0\");
strrev(A);
}
if (strlen(B) < strlen(A))
{
strrev(B);
while(strlen(B)<strlen(A))
strcat(B,\"0\");
strrev(B);
}
int length=strlen(A);
int carry=0;
int sum=0;
int digit_1=0;
int digit_2=0;
char Sum[5]={NULL};
char Result[MAX_LENGTH]={NULL};
strset(Result,NULL);
strrev(A);
strrev(B);
for(int i=0; i<length; i++)
{
digit_1=(int(B[i])-48);
digit_2=(int(A[i])-48);
sum=(digit_1+digit_2+carry);
if(sum>9)
{
sum%=10;
carry=1;
}
else
carry=0;
itoa(sum,Sum,10);
strcat(Result,Sum);
}
if(carry)
strcat(Result,\"1\");
if (strlen(Result)>MAX_DIGITS)
strcpy(Result,\"0\");
strrev(Result);
return Result;
}
const char* BigNumber::subtract(char A[MAX_LENGTH],char B[MAX_LENGTH])
{
if (strlen(A) < strlen(B))
{
strrev(A);
while(strlen(A)<strlen(B))
strcat(A,\"0\");
strrev(A);
}
if (strlen(B) < strlen(A))
{
strrev(B);
while(strlen(B)<strlen(A))
strcat(B,\"0\");
strrev(B);
}
int length=strlen(A);
int borrow=0;
int difference=0;
int digit_1=0;
int digit_2=0;
char Difference[5]={NULL};
char Result[MAX_LENGTH]={NULL};
strset(Result,NULL);
strrev(A);
strrev(B);
for(int i=0;i<length;i++)
{
digit_1=(int(A[i])-48);
digit_2=(int(B[i])-48);
difference=(digit_1-digit_2-borrow);
if(difference<0)
{
difference+=10;
borrow=1;
}
else
borrow=0;
itoa(difference,Difference,10);
strcat(Result,Difference);
}
while(Result[(strlen(Result)-1)]==\'0\')
Result[(strlen(Result)-1)]=NULL;
strrev(Result);
return Result;
}
//------------------------------ main( ) ------------------------------//
int main( )
{
clrscr( );
BigNumber A, B;
cout<<\"Enter the value of A = \";
A.read( );
cout<<\"Enter the value of B = \";
B.read( );
cout<<\"Enter Operation (+ | -) : \";
char cOperation=getch();
cout<<endl<<endl<<\"A = \";
A.show( );
cout<<endl<<\"B = \";
B.show( );
cout<<endl;
if (cOperation==\'+\')
{
A.plus(B);
cout<<endl<<\"Sum (A+B) = \";
A.show( );
}
else if (cOperation==\'-\')
{
A.minus(B);
cout<<endl<<\"Difference (A-B) = \";
A.show( );
}
else
cout<<endl<<\"Invalid Operation!\";
getch( );
return 0;
}
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Program to implement Add and Subtract functions on Big Number Class
